گروه زبان انگلیسی راهنمایی

By  /baI/     preposition                                                 

1 who/what does something   used especially with a passive verb to say who or what does something or makes something happen:در اثر- توسط- بوسیله- به خاطر

·    I was attacked by a dog.

·    a church designed by the famous architect, Sir Christopher Wren

·    We are all alarmed by the rise in violent crime.

·    interference by the state in the affairs of the Church

·    his appointment by the BBC as a producer

2   means/method       used to say what means or method someone uses to do something:با- بوسیله-از طریق/راه

·    You can reserve the tickets by phone.

·    Send it by airmail.

·    Some customers prefer to pay by cheque.

·    by car/train/bus/taxi etc    

·    They travelled to Chicago by train.

·    by air/sea/land/road/rail etc          

·    All supplies are transported by air.

·    by doing something           

·    She earns her living by selling insurance.

·    He was taken from his home by force.

3  road/door    used to say which road, entrance, door etc someone uses to get to a place:از- از راه/طریق

·    They came in by the back door.

·    It's quicker to go by the country route.

4  taking hold  used to say which part of an object or of a person's body someone takes hold of: از

·    He took Elaine by the arm and led her across the road.

·    She grabbed the hammer by the handle.

5  writer/composer etc           used to give the name of someone who wrote a book, produced a film, wrote a piece of music etc: [کتاب و غیره] به قلم ،اثر

·    the 'New World Symphony' by Dvorak

·    a short story by Charles Dickens

·    Who's it by?

6 beside          beside or near something:کنار-نزدیک-جنب-پهلوی-بغل

·    She stood by the window.

·    Jane went and sat by Patrick.

7 past  past someone or something without stopping:ازکنار/بغل/پهلوی/نزدیک/فاصله

·    He walked right by me without even saying hello.

·    I pass by the farm every day on my way to work.

8 before          before or not later than a particular time:تا قبل از- تا پیش از

·    The documents need to be ready by next Friday.

·    I reckon the film should be over by 9.30.

·    By the end of the day we had sold over 2000 tickets.

·    By the time we got home we were tired and hungry.

9  according to            according to a particular rule, method, or way of doing things:طبق – به موجب

·    You've got to play by the rules.

·    Profits were £6 million, but by our standards this is low.

10 change/difference  used to say how great a change or difference is:به مقدار – به اندازه – به قدر

·    The price of oil fell by a further $2 a barrel.

·    I was overcharged by £3.

·    Godard's first film was better        by far (=by a large amount or degree).

11 measurements       used to give the measurements of a room, container etc:در [مثل 2 در 5]

·    a room 15 metres by 23 metres

 

 

 

12  quantity     used to show what unit of measurement or quantity is involved in selling, paying for, producing etc something:...ی[ دوتایی - جینی- ساعتی– مُشتی]

·    Eggs are sold by the dozen.

·    We're paid by the hour.

·    She wanted to tear his hair out by the handful.

13  gradual change     used to say that something happens gradually:…………………..

·    Day by day he grew weaker.

·    Little by little I was beginning to discover the truth about Garfield.

·    One by one, the men stepped forward.

14  quick change        used to say that something or someone is quickly becoming worse, better etc:

...ی[ آنی – لحظه ای– دقیقه ای – ساعتی- ساعت به ساعت – لحظه به لحظه]

·    The financial crisis was growing more serious by the hour.

15  light           used to say that something happens in a particular kind of light:در – زیر [در/زیر نور ماه]

·    We walked through the palace gardens by moonlight.

16  by day/night          during the day or the night:در طی – هنگام – در طول-...انه[روزانه-شبانه]

·    a tour of Paris by night

17  job/nature etc       used when you are giving information about someone's character, job, origin etc: ...

·    George I and George II were Germans by birth.

·    Cautious by nature, Simpkin was reluctant to interfere.

·    Robert Key was a teacher by profession.

18  visiting      in order to visit a person or place for a short time:موقتا در ....ً

·    On the way, I stopped by the post office.

19  (all) by yourself

a) completely alone:تنها – به تنهایی

·    Dave spent Christmas all by himself.

b) without help from anyone: تنها – به تنهایی

·    You can't move the furniture all by yourself.

20  multiplying/dividing used between two numbers when talking about multiplying or dividing:در-ضربدر

·    What's 48 divided by 4?

21  emphasis   used when expressing strong feelings or making serious promises:به ...- قسم/سوگند به 

·    By God, I'll kill that boy when I see him!

22  father        if a woman has children by a particular man, that man is the children's father:   از  

·    She's got two children by her previous husband.

23   by the by  spoken  used when mentioning something that may be interesting but is not particularly important:راستی- ضمناً

·    By the by, Ian said he might call round tonight.

➔ by the way at way

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by     adverb                                                                        

1          past someone or something:

·    As I was standing on the platform, the Liverpool train went whizzing by.

·    James walked by without even looking in my direction.

2          used to say that time passes:

·    As the summer days slipped by, it was easy to forget about the war.

·    Ten years had gone by since I had last seen Marilyn.

3          beside or near someone or something:

·    A crowd of people were standing by, waiting for an announcement.

4          in order to visit a person or place for a short time:

·    Why don't you stop by for a drink after work?

5 by and large used when making a general statement:به طورکلی- رویهم رفته-من حیث المجموع-معمولاً-غالباً

·    By and large, the new arrangements have worked well.

6 by and by     old use soon:   بزودی –دراندک زمانی-دیری/چندی نگذشت/نمی گذرد که

·    She will be better by and by.

 

 

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by, with, in

by is used especially in passives, to say who or what does or causes something

• She was hit by a truck.

• a book written by Peter Carey       

Use with or in after verbs which describe a state rather than an action    

• The room was lit with candles.

• Her house is always filled with music.

• The books were covered in dust.    

Use with to say what tool you use to do something.

 وقتی می گوییم از چه ابزاری برای انجام چیزی استفاده می کنیم

    byمی آوریمنهwith 

• I got the stain out with this brush (NOT by this brush).

I got the stain out (with - by) this brush.

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